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The impact of living with HIV disease can make certain everyday tasks and activities difficult. This chapter discusses rehabilitation services for people living with HIV and offers some suggestions about how to lessen the physical, mental, emotional and social challenges of living with this disease.
Do you or people you know have health-related problems due to living with HIV or side effects of HIV treatment? Perhaps you have tingling or numbness in your feet, pain in your legs or arms, or feel weak and tired when you try to stand, climb stairs or walk for any length of time. Maybe you can’t feel the temperature of the water in the bathtub or shower.
Are you finding it harder to concentrate or focus on your activities the way you used to, forget things more easily, and/or find it more difficult to work or visit with friends?
Many of these problems were described in Chapter 11, Side effects and symptoms. Maybe they don’t happen all the time, but perhaps they are happening more often than before. Some people may say, “Oh, I’m just getting older,” (which is true for all of us), but it also may be that the impacts of living with HIV are making it more difficult to do the things you want to do.
It doesn’t have to be this way; there are people and supports that can help you. This chapter about rehabilitation will suggest ways to reduce many of the health- and life-related challenges of living with HIV.
You know better than anyone that living with HIV presents many challenges. These may include challenges to your physical, mental, emotional or social health, and may be due to HIV infection itself or its associated treatments. Perhaps there are activities you can no longer participate in or which you can no longer do.
You may not think of these as disabilities. Most people think of a disability as a permanent physical condition, such as a spinal cord injury that results in paralysis. But, in the world of rehabilitation, disability is a much broader concept. A disability is a health-related challenge that interferes with meaningful, active living.
Disabilities fall into three main categories:
While some people living with HIV have chronic (long-term) disabilities, most disabilities related to HIV are episodic—they come and go. You may have experienced this—periods of wellness and then periods of illness. These episodes may occur daily (you have good days and bad days), or include more major health changes (such as an infection that results in hospitalization). Often, you may have no way of knowing how you will feel from one day or week to the next, what kinds of health challenges you’ll experience, or how long they will last. The uncertainty of not knowing when an episode might arise and how severe that episode might be are challenges commonly faced by people living with HIV.
In addition, since anti-HIV drugs are helping people to live longer, you may begin to experience common diseases of aging such as heart disease, diabetes, cognitive changes and arthritis. No matter whether these other conditions are caused by HIV, your anti-HIV drugs or the aging process, they can still compound the physical and mental challenges of living with HIV.
Rehabilitation is any service or activity that can address or prevent the health-related challenges (or disabilities) that people living with HIV might face. Rehabilitation is an important component of the best care for many common diseases such as arthritis, heart disease and diabetes. In these diseases, rehabilitation is not only used as a treatment, but also to prevent new conditions from developing, or current ones from worsening. Research has shown that rehabilitation interventions like stress management, maintaining a healthy weight and regular exercise can prevent or reduce the severity of many diseases. So it makes sense that rehabilitation can be helpful for people living with HIV at any stage, in periods of both wellness and illness.
But rehabilitation is about much more than diet, weight management and exercise. Rehabilitation is about helping people to manage their health problems. It also means providing support so that people can be included in their communities while continuing to live as independently as possible. Rehabilitation services can include physiotherapy, occupational therapy or speech–language therapy, as well as complementary or alternative therapies such as acupuncture, massage therapy and counselling.
To address the different types of health-related challenges you may face, there are several different types of rehabilitation and rehabilitation providers.
Some of the challenges you face may be caused by physical changes in your body.
A physical therapist (physiotherapist) can work with you to develop strategies that can help you with:
An occupational therapist can help you learn to manage your daily activities and make adjustments in your home or workplace to allow for any physical changes you are experiencing. This could include:
A speech–language pathologist (speech therapist) can:
A physiatrist is a doctor who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation. A physiatrist can help you with:
People living with HIV can experience stress, anxiety, depression, changes in sleep and appetite and reduced sex drive (libido). Self-esteem and relationships also can be affected.
Psychiatrists, psychologists, psychotherapists, occupational therapists and mental health counsellors can help by:
Social supports, such as friends, family, cultural and other community organizations, can also provide both emotional and practical support.
Some people with HIV also find that complementary or alternative therapies are helpful to address the many physical, mental or emotional challenges they face. These include:
Some of these supports and therapies are discussed in more detail in Chapter 3, Your healthcare team, Chapter 5, Complementary and alternative therapies, and Chapter 6, Your emotional health.
Staying in the workforce, or returning to the workforce after a period of illness, is often complicated if you have HIV.
If you have been on long-term disability benefits and return to work, you may be concerned about income or health benefits if you get sick again. Occupational therapists, vocational rehabilitation programs and some AIDS service organizations provide:
Rehabilitation professionals may work alone, but are commonly part of a larger team, including physicians, nurses, social workers, dietitians, pharmacists, substance use counsellors and community workers. It is important to talk to your doctor about all of the challenges you experience in your day-to-day life—physical, mental, emotional, financial or work-related. Many of these challenges can be addressed by various types of rehabilitation or support.
In rehabilitation, the person living with HIV is a central part of the process. Therefore, you will be encouraged to play an active role in your care. Rehabilitation is most effective when it includes a team approach that includes you, your primary caregivers, rehabilitation providers, those who pay for your rehabilitation services (for example, your insurance program or company) and other agencies you may be involved with.
When you are referred to a rehabilitation service, you can expect the following:
You may also be asked to evaluate the rehabilitation services you received.
The place where services are provided will depend on the services available, the medical stability of your illness and your desired and expected outcomes. Some of the more common settings are:
You will need an assessment and referral by a doctor to access many rehabilitation services. This is especially important if they are being paid for by your province’s health plan or private insurance. If the service is provided by your local AIDS service organization, you probably won’t need a referral, and it may be free.
The types of rehabilitation services paid for by public (government) health plans in Canada vary from province to province. Private (employer or individual) health insurance plans often cover some rehabilitation services, but there is usually a yearly maximum or a maximum per treatment, which may mean that you have to pay some of the costs with the insurance provider.
You will need to talk to your doctor, rehabilitation provider, human resource department, insurance company and/or local AIDS service organization to find out what is covered for you.
Some of the possibilities include:
Provincial health plan: If you receive rehabilitation services while you are in hospital, they are covered by your provincial health plan. If you continue to receive rehabilitation from the hospital in an ambulatory or outpatient clinic after you leave, it may also be covered.
Private insurers: Some rehabilitation services may be covered by your employer’s group health insurance plan (if you are still working or on disability benefits) or by private health insurance you purchased on your own. However, even if you have a plan through your employer, there are usually yearly maximums and sometimes only a portion of the cost is covered. Check your plan.
Sliding fee scales: Some rehabilitation providers have a sliding fee scale for people without insurance. Sliding scale means that the fee is based on the individual’s ability to pay.
HIV organizations: Local HIV organizations may provide some rehabilitation services for free.
Despite the importance of rehabilitation for people living with HIV and the increasing number of persons who may require rehabilitation, access to rehabilitation services continues to be a challenge across Canada. For example, some provinces have removed certain rehabilitation services from public coverage. This can create a significant burden for those individuals who can only access rehabilitation services through publicly funded channels.
Among the many emerging issues relating to HIV and rehabilitation, a few have been identified as particularly important to the overall health of people with HIV:
Many people living with HIV find it difficult to work or to work full time. If your health status is changing monthly or daily, work may not be possible for you or it may be difficult to accommodate. Income security (having a reliable and predictable source of income) is a major source of stress for many people living with HIV. It can have a major impact on your health. Many people must rely on health and disability benefits such as:
These benefits programs are described in detail in Chapter 20 (Money matters).
Rules and definitions vary between programs. Your local AIDS service organizations, occupational therapist or doctor may be able to provide you with information, explain what benefits you are entitled to and help you fill out any necessary forms. It is important to ask for this information and assistance. You have a right to this information; however, research has shown that many people do not receive this information unless they ask about it.
In addition to working with rehabilitation professionals, there are many important components of rehabilitation you can start yourself. These include regular exercise, approaches for managing fatigue, such as energy conservation (see the Five Ps of energy conservation), and strategies to help with changes in your thinking and mental health.
Some people experience changes to their brain, which can affect their thinking and their emotional state. You may find that your judgment, attention, focus, motivation and ability to deal with emotional situations have changed. You may also experience some form of depression, anxiety or difficulty coping with the life changes resulting from your illness.
Rehabilitation strategies that can help you with these changes include:
Research studies have shown that aerobic and resistive exercise training is safe and may be beneficial for people living with HIV who are medically stable. While research has shown that exercise won’t boost your CD4+ cell counts or lower viral loads, it will not harm the immune system or worsen virological status for people living with HIV who are medically stable. Before you start to exercise, it is important to gear any exercise program to your physical capabilities and personal goals. Be sure to talk with your doctor, physical therapist or other healthcare provider to find out which program might be right for you. See Chapter 4, Healthy living, for more information on exercise.
Research has shown that regular aerobic or resistance exercise can:
Recommended exercises and activities include activities that use large muscles, such as those in your arms and legs. Rehabilitation professionals often recommend:
Work up to exercising for a total of at least 30 minutes, three to five times a week. Regular exercise is the key to success, but you don’t have to do it all at one time. Three 10-minute periods of exercise a day work just as well as one 30-minute session.
Walking can help you to build strong bones and prevent osteoporosis.
Exercising with hand and ankle weights or weight machines can increase your strength and reduce pain.
Some people find it easier to exercise in warm water. Many community recreation centres have warm water exercise programs. Pool programs geared towards arthritis or osteoporosis may be especially beneficial for persons living with HIV.
Many people with HIV will live a long time, thanks to new drug treatments. However, this may put you at risk for developing other conditions associated with aging, or other longer-term side effects of HIV treatments.
Additional conditions you may be faced with could include:
Rehabilitation can play an important role in the management of all these conditions. You may also be able to access rehabilitation services targeted specifically to these conditions (for example, you may be able to access arthritis rehabilitation therapy services if you have a diagnosis of arthritis in addition to HIV).
Several types of rehabilitation professionals can help you with the many aspects of managing your anti-HIV drugs:
See Chapter 11, Side effects and symptoms, for more information on how to manage side effects that can be caused by anti-HIV drugs.
You are an important part of the rehabilitation team and you may have to ask for these supports if your healthcare provider does not offer to connect you to them. It is important to maintain an up-to-date personal health record and to give this to your healthcare provider. Your personal health record should include a list of:
When seeing a healthcare or rehabilitation provider, keep these things in mind:
Realize (formerly the Canadian Working Group on HIV and Rehabilitation) provides references for this chapter and links to a variety of resources and organizations related to HIV and rehabilitation.
Many other relevant resources can be accessed through the CATIE Ordering Centre or by calling CATIE at 1-800-263-1638.